Health Encyclopedia

Sprains

Definition

A sprain is an injury to the ligaments around a joint. Ligaments are strong, flexible fibers that hold bones together. When a ligament is stretched too far or tears, the joint will become painful and swell.

Alternative Names

Joint sprain

Causes

Sprains are caused when a joint is forced to move into an unnatural position. For example, "twisting" one's ankle causes a sprain to the ligaments around the ankle.

Symptoms

Joint pain or muscle pain
Swelling
Joint stiffness
Discoloration of the skin, especially bruising

First Aid

Apply ice immediately to help reduce swelling. Wrap the ice in cloth -- DO NOT place ice directly on the skin.
Try NOT to move the affected area. To help you do this, bandage the affected area firmly, but not tightly. ACE bandages work well. Use a splint if necessary.
Keep the swollen joint elevated above the level of the heart, even while sleeping.
Rest the affected joint for several days.

Aspirin, ibuprofen, or other pain relievers can help. DO NOT give aspirin to children.

Keep pressure off the injured area until the pain subsides (usually 7-10 days for mild sprains and 3-5 weeks for severe sprains). You may require crutches when walking. Rehabilitation to regain the motion and strength of the joint should begin within one week.

Call immediately for emergency medical assistance if

Go to the hospital right away or call 911 if:

You suspect a broken bone
The joint appears to be deformed
You have a serious injury or the pain is severe
There is an audible popping sound and immediate difficulty using the joint

Call your doctor if:

Swelling does not go down within 2 days
You have symptoms of infection -- the area becomes redder, more painful, or warm, or you have a fever over 100°F
The pain does not go away after several weeks

Prevention

Wear protective footwear for activities that place stress on your ankle and other joints.
Make sure that shoes fit your feet properly.
Avoid high-heeled shoes.
Always warm-up and stretch prior to exercise and sports.
Avoid sports and activities for which you are not conditioned.

References

DeLee JC, Drez D Jr, Miller MD, eds. DeLee and Drez’s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders; 2003.

Frontera, WR, Silver JK, eds. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Hanley & Belfus; 2002.

Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2002.

Review Date:5/6/2007
Reviewed By:Thomas N. Joseph, MD, Private Practice specializing in Orthopaedics, subspecialty Foot and Ankle, Camden Bone & Joint, Camden, SC. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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